Lignin Characterization of Triploid Clones of Populus tomentosa Carr.

In order to understand the structural characteristics of lignin in triploid clones ofPopulus tomentosa and its changes in the processes of pulping and bleaching, milled wood lignin （MWL）, lignin carbohydrate complex （LCC） and the residual lignin from kraft pulp （KP） and sulfite pulp （SP） were isolated and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectrum and ^13C nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR）. The most diagnostic peaks were assigned and the differences were discussed. The spectral patterns reveal that triploid P tomentosa shows the specific features of hardwood from temperate areas, but in the spectrum of FTIR, the strength ratio orAl270 cm^-1 to A1226 cm^-1 is 0.88, higher than the average of hardwood from temperate areas, which will make the lignin delignification more difficult during pulping and bleaching. The LCC from triploid P tomentosa is mainly composed of xyloglucan and glucuronic acid, and other glucides have much lower ratio. In LCC FTIR, there are three peaks at 1 427, 1 329 and 1 046 cm^-1, indicating that both semi-cellulose and cellulose could exist in LCC, and that there might be relationships between cellulose and lignin. Compared with the residual lignin from KP and SP, the condensed structure in KP is more than that in SP.     

Decomposition of needle/leaf litter from Scots pine, black cherry, common oak and European beech at a conurbation forest site

Litter decomposition was studied for 2 years in a mixed forest serving as a water protection area (Rhine-Neckar conurbation, SW Germany). Two experiments differing in initial dry weight equivalent in litterbags were set up: one to compare decomposition of European beech leaves (Fagus sylvatica) with common oak leaves (Quercus robur), and the other comparing decomposition of Scots pine needles (Pinus sylvestris) with black cherry leaves (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), respectively. Mass losses were greater for oak litter than for beech (75.0 versus 34.6%), and for cherry litter than for pine (94.6 versus 68.3%). In both experiments, a strong initial loss of soluble compounds occurred. The changes in litter N and P concentrations and the decrease in C-to-N ratio coincided with changes in residual mass. However, neither tannin and phenolic concentrations nor NMR could explain the pronounced variation in mass loss after 2 years. Differences in litter palatability and toughness, nutrient contents and other organic compounds may be responsible for the considerable differences in residual mass between litter types. The fast decay of black cherry leaves appears to play a major role in the present humus dynamics at the studied site. Since black cherry has a high N demand, which is mainly met by root uptake from the forest floor, this species is crucial for internal N cycling at this conurbation forest site. These effects together may significantly contribute to prevent nitrate leaching from the forest ecosystem which is subject to a continuous N deposition on an elevated level.     

纵向刨切生产薄木中刀具与产品质量的关系

本文探讨了纵向刨切机生产薄木过程中刀具的材料、形状及刀具与压尺的相对位置等因素对产品质量的影响。     

林用索道索系的分类及其代号

索系是指索道各工作索相互关联的配置系统,主要包括索道各工作索相互关联而成的各种承载方式、起重方式、牵引方式和落勾方式。而索道的起重方式基本上包含了索道的承载方式,牵引方式基本上包含了落勾方式。本文根据索道工作索的总根数及其起重方式和牵引方式,对林用索道的索系进行了分类,并编制了代号。     

Effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation on water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, leaf nitrogen content and morphological characteristics of Spiraea pubescens in a warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest

Spiraea pubescens, a common shrub in the warm-temperate deciduous forest zone which is distributed in the Dongling Mountain area of Beijing, was exposed to ambient and enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280–320 nm) radiation by artificially supplying a daily dose of 9.4 kJ/m² for three growing seasons, a level that simulated a 17% depletion in stratospheric ozone. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of long-term UV-B enhancement on stomatal conductance, leaf tissue δ ¹³C, leaf water content, and leaf area. Particular attention was paid to the effects of UV-B radiation on water use efficiency (WUE) and leaf total nitrogen content. Enhanced UV-B radiation significantly reduced leaf area (50.1%) but increased leaf total nitrogen content (102%). These changes were associated with a decrease in stomatal conductance (16.1%) and intercellular CO₂ concentration/ air CO₂ concentration (C _i /C _a) (4.0%), and an increase in leaf tissue δ ¹³C (20.5‰), leaf water content (3.1%), specific leaf weight (SLW) (5.2%) and WUE (4.1%). The effects of UV-B on the plant were greatly affected by the water content of the deep soil (30–40 cm). During the dry season, differences in the stomatal conductance, δ ¹³C, and WUE between the control and UV-B treated shrubs were very small; whereas, differences became much greater when soil water stress disappeared. Furthermore, the effects of UV-B became much less significant as the treatment period progressed over the three growing seasons. Correlation analysis showed that enhanced UV-B radiation decreased the strength of the correlation between soil water content and leaf water content, δ ¹³C, C _i/C _a, stomatal conductance, with the exception of WUE that had a significant correlation coefficient with soil water content. These results suggest that WUE would become more sensitive to soil water variation due to UV-B radiation. Based on this experiment, it was found that enhanced UV-B radiation had much more significant effects on morphological traits and growth of S. pubescens than hydro-physiological characteristics. __________ Translated from Journal of Plant Ecology, 2006, 30(1): 47–56 [译自: 植物生态学报]     

兽药二维码印刷及识读效率的研究

从国家兽药产品追溯系统中兽药二维码着手,针对兽药二维码印刷及识读效率方面的问题,对兽药二维码印刷方式、规格以及编码方式进行了分析与研究,提出了编码规则选择的依据、印刷规格的建议及其与识读效率间的关系,以期为兽药生产企业在实际应用中提高兽药二维码识读效率提供参考。     

黑荆树树皮单宁组分研究——Ⅲ.原花色素的分离鉴定及其~(13)C NMR特征(英文)

从我国江西四年生黑荆树(Acacia mearnsii)树皮单宁中分离鉴定了三个二聚原花色素:刺槐亭醇-(4α→8)-儿茶素、菲瑟亭醇-(4β→8)-儿茶素和刺槐亭醇-(4β→8)-儿茶素。其中刺槐亭醇-(4β→8)-儿茶素为首次从黑荆树树皮中以天然形式分离得到,为一新天然化合物。文中首次对黑剂树树皮二聚原花色素的~(13)CNMR进行了报道,并就其特征和确定二聚原花色素的相对和绝对构型进行了讨论。     

杨树种质SSR指纹数据库构建

【目的】构建林木种质资源指纹数据库是林木种质材料遗传鉴定的前提,也可为林木杂交育种提供清晰的遗传学背景。【方法】选取亲缘关系较远的8份杨树无性系材料筛选SSR引物,基于TP-M13-SSR技术进行SSR-PCR扩增,采用ABI3730XL毛细管电泳系统检测PCR扩增产物,利用GeneMarkerV1.91进行基因分型,Cervus3.0.7估算多态信息含量(PIC)和各位SSR位点无效等位基因频率(pN),POPGENE3.2估算各SSR位点上的等位基因数目(Na)、Shannon信息指数(I)和观测杂合度(HO),NTSYS-pc2.1进行遗传聚类分析。【结果】共筛选出13对条带清晰、重复性好的SSR引物,共扩增出89条多态性条带,单个位点上的等位基因数目为2~12个,平均值为6.5个;Shannon’s信息指数(I)为0.13~1.91,平均值为0.97;多态信息指数(PIC)为0.19~0.81,平均值为0.56;观测杂合度为0.06~0.76,平均值为0.40。聚类分析结果表明,参试的无性系种质材料分为3类,第一类为南林系列无性系;第二类为中林108杨、中潜1号、中潜3-2、中驻2号、中驻4号、中驻6号、中驻7号、中驻8号、浙7、中皖1号、中皖2号、丹红杨、A65/27、南抗4、南抗3;第三类为湘林系列无性系。【结论】TP-M13-SSR分子标记技术能有效地鉴别杨树无性系种质,明晰无性系间亲缘关系,遗传聚类的结果与其谱系关系基本一致。研究结果为杨树无性系种质鉴定及进一步开展杨树杂交育种奠定了基础。     

地膜覆盖与施肥对秸秆碳氮在土壤中固存的影响

【目的】作物秸秆不仅含有较高的有机碳,而且含有丰富的矿质营养元素。秸秆还田是东北黑土地区培肥土壤和农业可持续发展的重要技术措施。然而不同地膜覆盖（简称“覆膜”）及施肥方式下秸秆碳（C）和氮（N）在土壤中的固持特征还不是很明确。本研究通过定量分析秸秆碳对土壤有机碳（SOC）和秸秆氮对土壤全氮（TN）的贡献,探讨不同覆膜和施肥条件下秸秆碳和氮在土壤中固定的差异,以期为土壤肥力提升和东北黑土地保护提供依据。【方法】基于覆膜与施肥的长期定位试验,选择覆膜和不覆膜（裸地）栽培条件下不施肥（CK）、单施氮肥（N₄）和有机肥配施氮肥（M₂N₂）处理,在表层（0—20 cm）土壤添加¹³C¹⁵N双标记秸秆后在田间原位培养150 d,测定SOC含量及其δ¹³C值、TN含量及其δ¹⁵N值,分析SOC中秸秆来源C（¹³C-SOC）、TN中秸秆来源N（¹⁵N-TN）和土壤碳氮比随时间的动态变化特征。【结果】施肥、覆膜及其它们的交互作用显著影响（P<0.05）¹³C-SOC和¹⁵N-TN含量。整个培养期间,M₂N₂处理秸秆碳对SOC的贡献率（¹³C-SOC/SOC）和秸秆氮对TN贡献率（¹⁵N-TN/TN）平均分别为10.48%和3.18%;施肥（N₄和M₂N₂）处理¹³C-SOC/SOC和秸秆碳残留率在覆膜方式下平均分别为12.65%和37.14%,不覆膜方式下分别为12.08%和34.50%。同一栽培方式培养第150天,N₄处理¹³C-SOC/SOC和秸秆碳残留率平均分别为14.33%和39.40%,其他施肥处理平均分别为11.77%和33.21%;CK处理¹⁵N-TN/TN平均为4.56%,分别比N₄和M₂N₂处理高26.00%和44.53%。培养第150天,秸秆氮残留率在覆膜和不覆膜条件下CK处理最高,平均为10.03%;不覆膜N₄处理最低,为7.87%。无论覆膜与否,N₄处理¹³C-SOC与¹⁵N-TN比值为32—39,其他施肥处理均<30。【结论】秸秆碳氮在土壤中的固存对覆膜与施肥的响应敏感。单施氮肥有利于秸秆碳在土壤中的积累和有机碳的更新,不施肥处理秸秆氮对土壤氮库的固定起正反馈效应,而有机肥配施氮肥土壤碳氮的更新相对滞后。     

老爷岭典型林分内地表不同层可燃物含水率动态变化及湿度码预测模型适用性

森林地表不同层可燃物含水率对林火的垂直蔓延和地下火的发生具有重要影响。加拿大火险等级系统是目前使用最广泛的火险等级系统,其中3个湿度码模块分别代表不同层可燃物湿度。研究地表不同层可燃物含水率动态变化,使用湿度码预测不同层可燃物含水率,并对其适用性进行分析,对可燃物含水率预测及火险预报研究有重要意义。以黑龙江省老爷岭生态定位站的蒙古栎-红松针阔混交林和白桦林内凋落物、半腐殖质、腐殖质为研究对象,在春季防火期以日为步长,连续监测3层可燃物含水率动态变化,计算得到3个湿度码:细小可燃物湿度码(FFMC)、腐殖质湿度码(DMC)、干旱码(DC),并进行可燃物含水率预测适用性分析。结果表明:蒙古栎-红松针阔混交林、白桦林内凋落物含水率动态变化与FFMC、DMC呈显著相关;半腐殖质与3个湿度码都呈显著相关;腐殖质仅与DC呈极显著相关。使用湿度码进行凋落物含水率预测时,使用非降雨数据预测效果优于使用全部数据,使用降雨数据预测效果最差;对于半腐殖质,使用湿度码进行预测时,是否区分降雨对预测精度没有显著影响;对于腐殖质,使用降雨数据无法建立与湿度码之间的线性关系。湿度码法预测可燃物含水率精度略低于气象要素回归法,但在含水率较低时,湿度码预测效果更符合实际火险需要。以后研究中,应从湿度码尺度模型、机理对湿度码进行修正。提高地表不同层含水率预测精度,对可燃物含水率研究和火险预报具有重要意义。